How to Use Curl Command in Linux

The curl command is one more interesting command-line utility Linux has to offer you. curl command allows the user to fetch files from the server.

curl is a popular choice of the application developers and frequent Linux users because of its support for a number of protocols like RTMP, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, DICT, FILE, GOPHER, LDAP, LDAPS, POP3, POP3S, etc.

curl command does much more than just fetching the web pages for you. Knowing the options available with this command makes it more versatile for your use. Let us dive into the tutorial to get a good grasp on the use of the curl command using some brief examples.

Installation

Before using the curl command, check if it’s already installed on your system. Use the command curl --version to check if curl is installed.

In case if curl is not installed, use the following steps.

On Ubuntu and Debian based systems, use:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install curl

On RHEL, CentOs and Fedora distros, use:

sudo yum install curl

Now use the curl --version command to make sure that it is properly installed.

curl --version

Output:

curl 7.58.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.58.0 OpenSSL/1.1.1 zlib/1.2.11 libidn2/2.0.4 libpsl/0.19.1 (+libidn2/2.0.4) nghttp2/1.30.0 librtmp/2.3
Release-Date: 2018-01-24
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtmp rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp 
Features: AsynchDNS IDN IPv6 Largefile GSS-API Kerberos SPNEGO NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz TLS-SRP HTTP2 UnixSockets HTTPS-proxy PSL 
gaurav@ubuntu:~$

Now we are ready to use the curl command.

Options available with CURL command

Let us first have a glance at some of the prominent options available with the curl command.

Option	Description
`-u`	to download files from a FTP server
`-C`	to resume an interrupted download
`-o`	to save the result of the `curl` command with a predefined filename
`-I`	to get the HTTP headers of a defined URL
`-O`	to save the result of the `curl` command with the original filename
`--libcurl`	to output the C source code that uses `libcurl` for the specified option
`-x`	to use a proxy to access the URL
`-#`	to display the progress bar to show the download status

Retrieving a webpage using CURL

The curl command, when used without any option, fetches the content of the URL specified in the command.

Syntax:

curl [URL]

Example:

curl https://allthings.how

Output:

gaurav@ubuntu:~$ curl https://allthings.how
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="no-js" lang="en-US" amp="" i-amphtml-layout="" i-amphtml-no-boilerplate="" transformed="self;v=1">

	<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><style amp-runtime="" i-amphtml-version="012008290323002">html{overflow-x:hidden!important}html.i-amphtml-fie{height:100%!important;width:100%!important}html:not([amp4ads]),html:not([amp4ads]) body{height:auto!important}html:not([amp4ads]) body{margin:0!important}body{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%}html.i-amphtml-singledoc.i-amphtml-embedded{-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y}html.i-amphtml-fie>body,html.i-amphtml-singledoc>body{overflow:visible!important}html.i-amphtml-fie:not(.i-amphtml-inabox)>body,html.i-amphtml-singledoc:not(.i-amphtml-inabox)>body{position:relative!important}html.i-amphtml-webview>body{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:visible!important;min-height:100vh!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed-legacy>body{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:auto!important;position:absolute!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed{overflow-y:auto!important;position:static}#i-amphtml-wrapper{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:auto!important;position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important;right:0!important;bottom:0!important;margin:0!important;display:block!important}html.i-amphtml-ios-embed.i-amphtml-ios-overscroll,html.i-amphtml-ios-embed.i-amphtml-ios-overscroll>#i-amphtml-wrapper{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch!important}#i-amphtml-wrapper>body{position:relative!important;border-top:1px solid transparent!important}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body{visibility:visible}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body .i-amphtml-lightbox-element,#i-amphtml-wrapper+body[i-amphtml-lightbox]{visibility:hidden}#i-amphtml-wrapper+body[i-amphtml-lightbox] .i-amphtml-lightbox-element{visibility:visible}#i-amphtml-wrapper.i-amphtml-scroll-disabled,.i-amphtml-scroll-disabled{overflow-x:hidden!important;overflow-y:hidden!important}amp-instagram{padding:54px 0px 0px!important;background-color:#fff}amp-iframe iframe{box-sizing:border-box!important}[amp-access][amp-access-hide]{display:none}[subscriptions-dialog],body:not(.i-amphtml-subs-ready) [subscriptions-action],body:not(.i-amphtml-subs-ready) [subscriptions-section]{display:none!important}amp-experiment,amp-live-list>[update]{display:none}.i-amphtml-jank-meter{position:fixed;background-color:rgba(232,72,95,0.5);bottom:0;right:0;color:#fff;font-size:16px;z-index:1000;padding:5px}amp-list[resizable-children]>.i-amphtml-loading-container.amp-hidden{display:none!important}amp-list [fetch-error],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-button],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-end],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-failed],amp-list[load-more] [load-more-loading]{display:none}amp-list[diffable] div[role=list]{display:block}amp-story-page,amp-story[standalone]{min-height:1px!important;display:block!important;height:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important;overflow:hidden!important;width:100%!important}amp-story[standalone]{background-color:#202125!important;position:relative!important}amp-story-page{background-color:#757575}amp-story .amp-active>div,amp-story .i-amphtml-loader-background{display:none!important}amp-story-page:not(:first-of-type):not([distance]):not([active]){transform:translateY(1000vh)!important}amp-autocomplete{position:relative!important;display:inline-block!important}amp-autocomplete>input,amp-autocomplete>textarea{padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.33)}.i-amphtml-autocomplete-results,amp-autocomplete>input,amp-autocomplete>textarea{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}[amp-fx^=fly-in]{visibility:hidden}amp-script[nodom]{position:fixed!important;top:0!important;width:1px!important;height:1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;visibility:hidden}

Here, the content of the webpage is fetched directly to your terminal as source code.

You can use options -o and -O with the curl command to store this content into a file.

When -o option is used, the content of the URL is saved into your current directory with a user-defined filename.

Syntax:

curl -o [userdefined_filename] [URL]

Example:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -o ath.html https://allthings.how
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  199k  100  199k    0     0  58743      0  0:00:03  0:00:03 --:--:-- 58743
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls
ath.html
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

In this example, the content from the URL ‘allthings.how’ is saved as an HTML file named ath.html in my current working directory. On opening this HTML file, I’ll be redirected to the webpage which is saved.

Downloading files using CURL command

Using the -O option with the curl command also saves the content or webpage or a downloadable package as a file but saves this file with its original name.

Let us see this through an example:

Example:

Here I have used the curl command with -O option to download a Ubuntu package named ‘cherrytree_0.37.6-1.1_all.deb‘ from the Ubuntu package repository.

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -O http://kr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/c/cherrytree/cherrytree_0.37.6-1.1_all.deb
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100  613k  100  613k    0     0   220k      0  0:00:02  0:00:02 --:--:--  220k
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

Output:

trinity@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls
ath.html  cherrytree_0.37.6-1.1_all.deb
trinity@ubuntu:~/workspace$

So, the package is now downloaded and saved in the current working directory (CWD) with its original name.

Displaying a Progress Bar while downloading a file

There is one more aesthetic modification available whilst using the curl command to download a file. You can view the progress of your file download in the form of a Progress Bar onto your terminal. You just need to append the -# option with your command to download a file.

Let us see an example of this tweak.

Syntax:

curl -# -O [URL]

Example:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -# -O http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/e/emacs-defaults/emacs-defaults_47.0.tar.xz 
############################################################################################################################################### 100.0%
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

Output:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls
ath.html  cherrytree_0.37.6-1.1_all.deb  emacs-defaults_47.0.tar.xz
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

In this output, you can observe that I have downloaded a package named ‘emacs-defaults_47.0.tar.xz‘ in my CWD and the progress bar is displayed into the terminal while the downloading was in progress.

Resuming interrupted download in CURL

Many a times, there may occur a situation where you have to download files of larger size. Sometimes due to some reasons like power failure or network failure the download may abort in the mid-process without downloading the complete file. Even if you press Ctrl+C in the terminal, the process gets aborted.

The curl command when used with the -C option resumes the interrupted download.

Syntax:

curl -C - -O [URL]

Example:

In this illustration, I have tried to download Ubuntu 20.04 ISO image from the Ubuntu website.

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -O https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04.1/ubuntu-20.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso?_ga=2.212264532.1184373179.1600250922-1570904140.1591164974
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0 2656M    0 1744k    0     0  87038      0  8:53:17  0:00:20  8:52:57 77726^C

Here, I deliberately aborted the downloading process by Ctrl+C.

Now I’ll use the -C option with the curl command to resume the interrupted download from the same source website.

Output:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -C - -O https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04.1/ubuntu-20.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso?_ga=2.212264532.1184373179.1600250922-1570904140.1591164974
** Resuming transfer from byte position 1851392
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0 2654M    0 20.2M    0     0  57940      0 13:20:35  0:06:06 13:14:29 98278

The download has been picked up from where it was aborted.

Downloading files from a FTP server using CURL

It is pretty easy with the curl command to download a file from the FTP server using the -u option. You have to put the username and password into the command before entering the URL.

Syntax:

curl -u [username]:[password] [URL]

For the illustration , I’ll be using an online public FTP.

Example:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -O -u dlpuser@dlptest.com:eUj8GeW55SvYaswqUyDSm5v6N ftp://ftp.dlptest.com/16-Sep-20-16-0-0.csv
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   390  100   390    0     0     93      0  0:00:04  0:00:04 --:--:--    93
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

Here, I have downloaded a file named ‘16-Sep-20-16-0-0.csv’ from this ftp server and saved it with its original name in my CWD. I’ll check the downloaded file using the ls command.

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls -al
total 1092
drwxrwxr-x  3 gaurav gaurav   4096 Sep 16 16:15 .
drwxr-xr-x 87 gaurav gaurav 266240 Sep 16 10:22 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav    390 Sep 16 16:15 16-Sep-20-16-0-0.csv
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav 204429 Sep 16 11:45 ath.html
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

Downloading multiple files together using CURL

Downloading multiple files at once using the curl command is a very simple task. You just use the -O option with the curl command similar in the way we have performed in the above blocks.

Syntax:

curl -O [URL-1] -O [URL-2] -O[URL-n]

Example:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -O http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/a/aegean/aegean_0.15.2+dfsg-1.debian.tar.xz -O http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.29.orig.tar.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 63500  100 63500    0     0  55458      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:-- 55458
100 8436k  100 8436k    0     0   123k      0  0:01:08  0:01:08 --:--:--  127k
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

In this example, I have downloaded two different packages from the Ubuntu repository.

Output:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls -al
total 9596
drwxrwxr-x  3 gaurav gaurav    4096 Sep 16 16:28 .
drwxr-xr-x 87 gaurav gaurav  266240 Sep 16 10:22 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav     390 Sep 16 16:15 16-Sep-20-16-0-0.csv
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav   63500 Sep 16 16:28 aegean_0.15.2+dfsg-1.debian.tar.xz
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav 8638793 Sep 16 16:29 apache2_2.4.29.orig.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav  204429 Sep 16 11:45 ath.html
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

The two packages are downloaded at the same time using the curl command.

Fetching HTTP headers of a URL with CURL

HTTP Headers fields of any URL contains useful information like user agent, content type, encoding, etc. These header files also provide information about the object sent in the message body. Details about the request and response are also obtained from these HTTP headers.

You can use curl command with -I option to get these HTTP headers of a URL.

Syntax:

curl -I [URL]

Example:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl -I www.firefox.com

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See g.co/p3phelp for more info."
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 11:17:00 GMT
Server: gws
X-XSS-Protection: 0
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Expires: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 11:17:00 GMT
Cache-Control: private
Set-Cookie: 1P_JAR=2020-09-16-11; expires=Fri, 16-Oct-2020 11:17:00 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; Secure
Set-Cookie: NID=204=SpeHTVXkKYwe6uaKYLsPWmCA0A-sGb94c9jpbw067e7uhyeJnkap6TFEIESztwLOEst7KcDSBLgGrokh1EM2IZi2VPVzllH0tsvCu-QbKiunPoPJ6dD7oAnB7rxu30rAiO630vYm6SG1zbmGgxNEiB-adXp24h7iEoSq9WsjrGg; expires=Thu, 18-Mar-2021 11:17:00 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

In this example I have fetched the HTTP headers of ‘www.firefox.com‘.

Fetching C-Source Code using CURL

Using curl command with the --libcurl option can fetch the C source code. This has no significant use to the laymen users but can prove to be very helpful for the System Programmers, Security Analysts and Application Developers.

Syntax:

curl [URL] > filename --libcurl [code_filename]

Example:

In this example, I have fetched the content of the URL allthings.how and stored it in a file named gy_ath.html. The C source code is separately stored in the source.c file.

curl https://www.allthings.how > gy_ath.html --libcurl source.c

Output:

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ curl https://www.allthings.how > gy_ath.html --libcurl source.c
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:--  0:00:01 --:--:--     0
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

Let us now check the downloaded files.

gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ ls -al
total 404
drwxrwxr-x  3 gaurav gaurav   4096 Sep 16 17:08 .
drwxr-xr-x 87 gaurav gaurav 266240 Sep 16 10:22 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav      0 Sep 16 17:13 gy_ath.html
-rw-r--r--  1 gaurav gaurav   1535 Sep 16 17:13 source.c
gaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$

The source.c file contains the source code. This can be displayed on the terminal using the cat command. I have put a few lines from the output in the below-given block.

C sourcegaurav@ubuntu:~/workspace$ cat source.c
/********* Sample code generated by the curl command line tool **********
 * All curl_easy_setopt() options are documented at:
 * https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_setopt.html
 ************************************************************************/
#include <curl/curl.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  CURLcode ret;
  CURL *hnd;

  hnd = curl_easy_init();
  curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_BUFFERSIZE, 102400L);
  curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_URL, "https://www.allthings.how");
  curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, "curl/7.58.0");
  curl_easy_setopt(hnd, CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS, 50L);

Using a proxy in CURL to access a URL

As discussed in the introduction, the curl command supports a wide range of protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTPS, SOCKS etc. Sometimes using a proxy server for transferring files becomes important when you wish to enhance the speed of your transfer and also protect your identity. curl command can easily be used to transfer files over the proxy server by appending the -x option to it.

Example:

curl -x [proxy_address]:[port] [URL]

In the above example, I have assumed that your proxy requires no authentication. In case if the proxy requires authentication to start the transfer, you can use the following command.

curl -u [username]:[password] -x [proxy_address]:[port] [URL]

Using this simple method, we can transfer files through a proxy server with option -x used with the curl command.

Conclusion

In this brief tutorial, we learnt how curl command proves to be helpful in downloading content directly from your terminal. We also learnt about the different options available with this command to be used for various tasks.

How to Use Curl Command in Linux

Installation

Options available with CURL command

Retrieving a webpage using CURL

Downloading files using CURL command

Displaying a Progress Bar while downloading a file

Resuming interrupted download in CURL

Downloading files from a FTP server using CURL

Downloading multiple files together using CURL

Fetching HTTP headers of a URL with CURL

Fetching C-Source Code using CURL

Using a proxy in CURL to access a URL

Conclusion

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Member discussion

How to Use Curl Command in Linux

Installation

Options available with CURL command

Retrieving a webpage using CURL

Downloading files using CURL command

Displaying a Progress Bar while downloading a file

Resuming interrupted download in CURL

Downloading files from a FTP server using CURL

Downloading multiple files together using CURL

Fetching HTTP headers of a URL with CURL

Fetching C-Source Code using CURL

Using a proxy in CURL to access a URL

Conclusion

How to Use Gemini Code Assist in VS Code

How to Code Using AI

Microsoft Copilot Pro Review: There is a lot of Unrealized Potential

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Member discussion