Login attempts to GNOME on Xorg in Fedora 41 may result in a persistent black screen, especially on systems equipped with both NVIDIA GTX 1050 and Intel 630 graphics. This issue prevents access to the desktop environment and disrupts normal workflow. Addressing the root causes—driver conflicts, misconfigured display managers, or session misselection—restores reliable system access.

Update and Configure NVIDIA and Intel Drivers

Step 1: Boot into a working session, such as GNOME on Wayland or a TTY console. Press Ctrl + Alt + F3 to switch to a TTY if you cannot access the graphical environment.

Step 2: Ensure your system is fully updated. Outdated drivers or kernel modules often cause graphical issues. Run:

sudo dnf update

Reboot after updates complete.

Step 3: Install the latest NVIDIA proprietary drivers if you have not already. The open-source nouveau driver may not provide stable support for newer NVIDIA cards like the GTX 1050. To install the proprietary driver, enable RPM Fusion repositories:

sudo dnf install https://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm
sudo dnf install https://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm
sudo dnf install akmod-nvidia
sudo dnf install xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-cuda  # Optional, for CUDA support
sudo dnf install xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-cuda-libs  # Optional, for CUDA libraries

Reboot the system to load the new drivers.

Step 4: Check that the NVIDIA driver is loaded correctly by running:

nvidia-smi

If the command returns information about your GPU, the driver is active. If not, check the output for errors indicating misconfiguration.

Step 5: If you use hybrid graphics (both Intel and NVIDIA), consider installing nvidia-prime or bumblebee to manage GPU switching. For most users, the default configuration with the proprietary NVIDIA driver and Intel's i915 driver is sufficient.

Set GNOME to Use Wayland or Select Correct Session

Step 1: At the login screen, click your username but do not enter your password yet. Look for a gear icon or "Session" option in the lower right or left corner of the screen.

Step 2: Select "GNOME on Wayland" instead of "GNOME on Xorg." Wayland often provides better compatibility on systems with mixed graphics hardware.

Step 3: Enter your password and log in. If you successfully reach the desktop, the problem is specific to the Xorg session. You can continue using Wayland or proceed to troubleshoot Xorg further if you require it for specific applications.

Reconfigure Display Manager and Xorg Settings

Step 1: If Xorg sessions are required, verify that the correct display manager is enabled. Fedora uses GDM by default. Check its status with:

systemctl status gdm

If GDM is inactive, start or enable it with:

sudo systemctl enable gdm --now

Step 2: Remove or rename any custom Xorg configuration files that may cause conflicts, especially those in /etc/X11/xorg.conf or /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. To move the main config file:

sudo mv /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup

Restart the system and try logging in again.

Step 3: If GNOME on Xorg still fails, review system logs for error messages. Use:

journalctl -b -p err

Look for lines mentioning Xorg, NVIDIA, or GDM. Address any errors such as missing modules, permission issues, or driver loading failures.

Switch to a Different Display Manager (Optional)

Step 1: If GDM continues to cause issues, consider installing an alternative display manager such as LightDM or SDDM. Install LightDM with:

sudo dnf install lightdm

Set LightDM as the default:

sudo systemctl disable gdm --now
sudo systemctl enable lightdm --now

Reboot and attempt to log in to GNOME on Xorg again.

Resolving the GNOME on Xorg black screen login issue on Fedora 41 with GTX 1050 and Intel 630 graphics typically involves updating drivers, selecting the correct session, and checking display manager configuration. Keeping your system and drivers current helps prevent similar issues in the future.